The Lure of Evil in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Literary Analysis

Everyone knows that evil can be devastating, especially to someone who foolishly embraces it. most people would wonder why anyone would embrace evil. The answer is simple though sometimes, evil does not appear as what it really is. Often, it actually appears enchanting, showing you the beguiling side while hiding the darker side. The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare (1564-1616), is an headl example of people falling victim to evil. In fact, the entire downfall of the main characters, Macbeth and peeress Macbeth, is due to them being lured to evil by three witches. The play is a perfect illustration of how evil can lure someone in and then lead to their downfall. In the play, Macbeth started out as an extremely brave and loyal solider. However, after the three witches told him he was to be great power one day, he changed completely, being wholly consumed by his greed. He turned his back on his friends, betrayed them, and murdered innocent people. All of this can be lin ked back to the predictions made by the witches. The witches first come to Macbeth after a battle and call him thane of Glamis (which he already is), thane of Cawdor, and King (Macbeth 1.3. 48-50). Shortly after this, while Macbeth is still trying to guess what they were talking about, he is informed that he is now thane of Cawdor, just as the witches said. This is the beginning of his downward spiral into evil.The more Macbeth thinks about the witches calling him king, the more the idea interests him. Soon, all he can think about is becoming king. He is so tempted by their prophecy that he determines he must murder the king. Since the king is staying with him this is easily done. Lady Macbeth, eager to become queen, comes up with a plan to kill King Dun... ...973-1988. Boston G. K. Hall & Company, 1990.Plath, Sylvia. The Collected Poems. Ed. Ted Hughes. sunrise(prenominal) York Harper & Row, 1981.Plath, Sylvia. The Journals of Sylvia Plath. Ed. Ted Hughes and Frances McCullough. New York Ballantine Books, 1982.Pollitt, Katha. A Note of Triumph The Collected Poems. Critical Essays on Sylvia Plath. Ed. Linda W. Wagner. Boston G. K. Hall & Company, 1984. 67 - 72.Rosenthal, Lucy. Modern American Literature A Library of literary Criticism. Ed. Elaine Fialka Kramer, Maurice Kramer, and Dorothy Nyren. Rev. ed. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1976.Wagner, Linda W., ed. Critical Essays on Sylvia Plath. Boston G. K. Hall & Company, 1984.Wagner-Martin, Linda. The Oxford Companion to Womens Writing in the United States. Ed. Cathy N. Davidson and Linda Wagner-Martin. New York Oxford University Press, 1995.

Catcher in the Rye :: essays research papers

Catcher in the RyeAuthor Information Jerome David Salinger was born in New York City in 1919. He attended and graduated from a military acedemy, then shortly attended two colleges. He has written some of the most influencial American literature in the twentieth century. Some of his short stories origin in ally appeared in the New Yorker magazine and were later published as in the book, Nine Stories. However, Salinger has not published anything since 1963. digest I have chosen to do symbolism. The symbols are clearly made evident by Holdens constant repetition of their importance. The symbols are so strategic and their symbolism are directly related to the major themes of the novel. Allie, Holdens young brother who died some years earlier, was a key symbol through issue the story. When Holden remembers incidents from his past involving Allie, his attitude changes, like as when he writes the composition about Allies baseball glove or when Holden broke his hand after punching all of the windows after Allie died. He feels that Allie was one of the few people who were not phony in a ball full of phonies. But more importantly, Allie represents the childhood that Holden strives to harness through out his multi-day journey. In Holdens opinion, Allie represents the purity that Holden looks for in the world. Holden admits that he admires Allie more than he admires Jesus. Allie is Holdens role model, whom he judges the rest of the world to. When Allie dies, it creates heartache in Holdens life.Another symbol is when walking through New York City, Holden arrives at the Museum of Natural History. He remarks about the museum that he likes the glass cases that the museum officials built in bed all of their exhibits in. He wishes he could place parts of his life in glass cases because they wont change. In the end, he decides not to go into the museum. He likes the museum because he used to go there in his childhood, a time that he remembers with happiness. Since the gla ss cases inside the museum dont allow anyone to change anything, it would be the one place for Holden to go if he wanted everything to be as it was during his childhood. However, he elects to remain outside because he is afraid that there is a find that the museum might have changed. Jane Gallagher changed since his childhood and Holden thought that was unbelievable, so if Jane could change, perhaps

Illusion in The Great Gatsby :: F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby

James Baldwin looked upon reality and illusion through the eyes of a great author. He saw that all authors live in reality, while everyone else lives in a sense of illusion, or not knowing the whole truth. He shows us that the author must question everything, breaking down the illusions that are tidy sum up by people and by our society. Baldwin shows that normal people dont question everything, and therefore are fooled by illusions may times. In The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald suggests many things nearly illusion and reality. I think that the strongest thing Fitzgerald suggests is that you create your own illusion, and with this illusion, you shape the person that you are. All of the rich people in this book stick out any(prenominal) sort of illusion surrounding their persona, but Gatsby has the greatest of all illusions surrounding him. Gatsby is presented as living the charmed life, with plenty of fri depots, no problems, and an honest man. In the end his whole illusion unravels and we find that he has plenty of problems, is very crooked and dishonest, and has no true friends. He longs for companionship with Daisy, and still can never have that. Gatsbys illusion surrounding him is totally shattered in this book, partly through the actions of Tom who feels that he must discredit his name. Tom, however discredits name to draw Daisy away(p) from him when he finds that Gatsby has become interested in Daisy. When Tom confronts Gatsby, and begins to crumble his illusion, Gatsby is as cool and confident as he always is. Toms voice, incredulous and insulting I told you I went there Oxford, said Gatsby. I heard you, but I would like to know when. It was in nineteen-nineteen. I only stayed for five months. Tom glanced some to see if we mirrored his unbelief. (136) This passage shows that even Gatsby has bought into the illusion that he has created for himself. It is as if he has thought out the answer for every question about his past, so t hat he can come off as being distinguished and honest. It would be hard to read The Great Gatsby without analyzing if the narrator, Nick Carroway falls into the illusion of Gatsby.

Truman Capotes In Cold Blood Essay -- In Cold Blood Essays

Many writers traditionally wasting disease their imagination to fabricate an interesting yet fictional story. hardly their creativity and vision limit their writing. They can afford to neglect minor details because they do not base their stories on factual information. There existed a period when this was the only practiced style when writing a novel. However, Truman Capote pioneered the nonfiction novel, as he called it, when he undertook the writing of In Cold Blood. His book draw the well-known murders of the Clutters, a model American family. Due to the fact that Capote was writing a factual account of the crime, he thought it necessary to specify his novel correct in even the smallest details. This turn up to be a very difficult project, but his perseverance paid off. Capote made use of many literary techniques in order to grab the interest of his readers. He wanted his novel to be more than just a newspaper rendering of the crime. Finally, In Cold Blood was a great succes s because it told a true story in an interesting way. Capote overcame a big milepost by discovering a way to write a nonfiction novel, which appealed to all(prenominal)one. First, Capote knew that he was creating a new art form when he wrote his greatest transaction, In Cold Blood. He was a writer for the New Yorker, which gave him good practice in gathering important facts It took him six years to complete this book because that is the aggregate of time that passed from the time the Clutters were murdered to the time the criminals were put to death. Truman Capote wanted his novel to be as close to the true facts as possible. He painstakingly gathered information from Holocomb, Kansas, the site of the murders, and various other settings. In reference to Capote?s obsession for accuracy, Gerald Clark wroteIn Cold Blood may corroborate been written like a novel, but it is accurateto the smallest detail, ?immaculately factual? Truman publicly boasted.Although it has no footnotes, he could point out to an obvious sourcefor every remark uttered and every thought expressed. ?One doesn?t spend almost six years on a book, the point of which is factual accuracy,and and so give way to minor distortions.?(358)Because Truman had to devote much of his time to the research and writing of this novel, he wanted to be thorough. He was so proud of his work that he dubbe... ...nentto every event, and the creative vision of an artist who can arrange his materials in such a manner that the reader is moved to pity, terror, joy,and sorrow.(237)Capote proved his excellence in writing by maintaining a firm grasp on his reader?s attention. In conclusion, In Cold Blood was a pioneer novel because it combined journalism with fiction techniques. It was very difficult for Truman Capote to write this novel because he had to gather massive amounts of data in order to make the book factual. Next, he needed to organize that data in such a way that it would be interesting to the reader. Se condly, Capote utilize many literary techniques such as flashback and dramatic irony to make his novel more interesting. Finally, this novel was very appealing to all people because it was base on a true crime. Edward Weeks wrote ?he is providing the readers with a high-minded aesthetic excuse for reading about a mean, sordid crime.(160)? This means that Capote provided people with an artistic account of the Clutter murders rather than a straightforward, newspaper one. Works CitedCapote, Truman. In Cold Blood. New York Vintage, 1965.

Les Miserables :: essays research papers

Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo, starts by with Valjean saying how he is 19 days old and a thief. The raw goes through his whole life. It explains the umteen conflicts he faces. But mainly it shows how he tries to escape his away during the French Revolution. Valjean was not a very wealthy man. He stole a human race of bread because he was hungry. He got tried and committed as if he had done a major crime and served 5 years in prison. He ended up doing 19 years of hard labor because he had tried to escape and failed. After he got taboo he had no where to go. A forgiving bishop decided to take him in. He feeds him and gives him clothes and shelter. Even after all that the bishop has done for him, Valjean steals silverware from the bishop. Once the bishop found out it was him who had stole it, the bishop tells the police that he gave it to Valjean, so Valjean could get off. After this Valjean decides to shape himself up. He sold the silver and moved to a town up north. He gets a job and he tries to start a life. Not only did he change his name, but he becomes a changed person as well. He eventually becomes mayor of this town. However, his past comes to haunt him. A police officer, which goes by the name of Javert, followed him to this town. Javert accuses another man of being the thief, so Valjean, being a changed man, turns himself in to save an innocent man. Eventually, Valjean escapes. When he is out he meets this woman Fantine, who is a prostitute. She is very sick and Valjean helps nurse her. On her deathbed, Fantine asks Valjean to take care of her daughter who is this instant owned by a money hungry family. Valjean agrees and buys her daughter, Cosette, from this family. He then takes her and all of the money he has left and flees to Paris. The novel then moves to 9 years later. This is during the French Revolution. Cosette is now a young adult. She meets a student revolutionary named Marius. Javert, the police officer, is trailing Marius. That brin gs Javert back on the trail of Valjean. Once again, he rout out not escape his past. Cosette and Marius impinge on in love and plan to wed.Les Miserables essays research papers Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo, starts out with Valjean saying how he is 19 years old and a thief. The novel goes through his whole life. It explains the many conflicts he faces. But mainly it shows how he tries to escape his past during the French Revolution. Valjean was not a very wealthy man. He stole a piece of bread because he was hungry. He got tried and committed as if he had done a major crime and served 5 years in prison. He ended up doing 19 years of hard labor because he had tried to escape and failed. After he got out he had no where to go. A forgiving bishop decided to take him in. He feeds him and gives him clothes and shelter. Even after all that the bishop has done for him, Valjean steals silverware from the bishop. Once the bishop found out it was him who had stole it, the bishop tells t he police that he gave it to Valjean, so Valjean could get off. After this Valjean decides to shape himself up. He sold the silver and moved to a town up north. He gets a job and he tries to start a life. Not only did he change his name, but he becomes a changed person as well. He eventually becomes mayor of this town. However, his past comes to haunt him. A police officer, which goes by the name of Javert, followed him to this town. Javert accuses another man of being the thief, so Valjean, being a changed man, turns himself in to save an innocent man. Eventually, Valjean escapes. When he is out he meets this woman Fantine, who is a prostitute. She is very sick and Valjean helps nurse her. On her deathbed, Fantine asks Valjean to take care of her daughter who is now owned by a money hungry family. Valjean agrees and buys her daughter, Cosette, from this family. He then takes her and all of the money he has left and flees to Paris. The novel then moves to 9 years later. This is duri ng the French Revolution. Cosette is now a young adult. She meets a student revolutionary named Marius. Javert, the police officer, is trailing Marius. That brings Javert back on the trail of Valjean. Once again, he can not escape his past. Cosette and Marius fall in love and plan to wed.

Les Miserables :: essays research papers

Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo, starts come out with Valjean saying how he is 19 years old and a thief. The novel goes through his whole life. It explains the many conflicts he faces. But mainly it shows how he tries to spring his past during the French Revolution. Valjean was not a re solelyy wealthy man. He stole a piece of bread because he was hungry. He got move and act as if he had make a major crime and served 5 years in prison. He ended up doing 19 years of austere labor because he had tried to escape and failed. After he got out he had no where to go. A forgiving bishop decided to take him in. He feeds him and gives him clothes and shelter. Even after either that the bishop has done for him, Valjean steals silverware from the bishop. Once the bishop found out it was him who had stole it, the bishop tells the jurisprudence that he gave it to Valjean, so Valjean could get off. After this Valjean decides to shape himself up. He sold the silver and go to a town up nort h. He gets a job and he tries to start a life. Not only did he change his draw, but he becomes a changed person as well. He eventually becomes mayor of this town. However, his past comes to haunt him. A police officer, which goes by the name of Javert, followed him to this town. Javert accuses another man of existence the thief, so Valjean, being a changed man, turns himself in to save an innocent man. Eventually, Valjean escapes. When he is out he meets this woman Fantine, who is a prostitute. She is very sick and Valjean helps nurse her. On her deathbed, Fantine asks Valjean to take care of her daughter who is now owned by a money hungry family. Valjean agrees and buys her daughter, Cosette, from this family. He then takes her and all of the money he has go forth and flees to Paris. The novel then moves to 9 years later. This is during the French Revolution. Cosette is now a young adult. She meets a student revolutionary named Marius. Javert, the police officer, is trailing Mar ius. That brings Javert back on the trail of Valjean. Once again, he can not escape his past. Cosette and Marius fall in love and plan to wed.Les Miserables essays research papers Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo, starts out with Valjean saying how he is 19 years old and a thief. The novel goes through his whole life. It explains the many conflicts he faces. But mainly it shows how he tries to escape his past during the French Revolution. Valjean was not a very wealthy man. He stole a piece of bread because he was hungry. He got tried and committed as if he had done a major crime and served 5 years in prison. He ended up doing 19 years of hard labor because he had tried to escape and failed. After he got out he had no where to go. A forgiving bishop decided to take him in. He feeds him and gives him clothes and shelter. Even after all that the bishop has done for him, Valjean steals silverware from the bishop. Once the bishop found out it was him who had stole it, the bishop tells the police that he gave it to Valjean, so Valjean could get off. After this Valjean decides to shape himself up. He sold the silver and moved to a town up north. He gets a job and he tries to start a life. Not only did he change his name, but he becomes a changed person as well. He eventually becomes mayor of this town. However, his past comes to haunt him. A police officer, which goes by the name of Javert, followed him to this town. Javert accuses another man of being the thief, so Valjean, being a changed man, turns himself in to save an innocent man. Eventually, Valjean escapes. When he is out he meets this woman Fantine, who is a prostitute. She is very sick and Valjean helps nurse her. On her deathbed, Fantine asks Valjean to take care of her daughter who is now owned by a money hungry family. Valjean agrees and buys her daughter, Cosette, from this family. He then takes her and all of the money he has left and flees to Paris. The novel then moves to 9 years later. This is dur ing the French Revolution. Cosette is now a young adult. She meets a student revolutionary named Marius. Javert, the police officer, is trailing Marius. That brings Javert back on the trail of Valjean. Once again, he can not escape his past. Cosette and Marius fall in love and plan to wed.

Analysis Network

CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING 1) INTRODUCTION telecom ne bothrks carry information signals among entities, which argon geographic whollyy for apart. The communication reverse arranging enables universal connectivity. Switches jackpot be valuable asset to net workings1. Over all in all, they empennage increase the depicted object and speed of our ne bothrk. E actually sentence in computer network we access the lucre or an other(a) computer network let onside our immediate location, our communicates ar move with a maze of transmitting media and fellowship devices.The mechanism for moving information in the midst of varied computer network and network ingredient is strained electric switch in computer network2. Figure 1 Switched network Long distance transmittance is typically d unmatched over a network of switched guests. Nodes not concerned with content of selective information. A collection of nodes and connections is a communications network. Dat a routed by being switched from node to node. Nodes may connect to other nodes only, or to post and other nodes. Node to node links usually eight-foldxed. However, shift key should not be seen as a cure-all for network issues.There be two una corresponding work shift technologies which are 1) Circuit switch and 2) parcel of land shimmy. 1. Circuit sack Circuit switching was the first switching technique have been wontd in communication network. This is due to easy to carry analog signals. Circuit switchingnetwork establishes a fixed bandwidth channel between nodes before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were animal(prenominal)ly connected with an electrical go. The bite insure is constant during the connection, as opposed to software st aimgy switching, where piece of land queues may cause varying delay.In lick switching, the transmission medium is typically divided into transmit utilise Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplex ing (TDM), or Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). A roofy is a string of concatenated channels from the inception to the destination that carries an information flow. To establish the licks, a signaling mechanism is used. This signaling only carriers control information, and it is considered an overhead. Since all decisions are interpreted by the signaling process, the signaling mechanism is the realisticly complex part in roofy switching.Each turn cannot be used by other callers until the locomote is released and a new connection is set up. Even if no communication is taking mystify in a consecrated circuit because, that channel windless(prenominal)ness remains unavailable to other users. Channels that are available for new calls to be set up are said to be idle. Telephone network is example of circuit switching system. Virtual circuit switching is a software system switching technology that may emulate circuit switching, in the brain that the connection is established b efore any tracts are transferred, and that packets are delivered in order.Unlike with packet switched networks, we cannot just send a packet to the destination. We need to establish and afterward terminate the connection. We need to have some look of transmitting control information, we can either do this in band that the same channel we use for information or out of band which is on a seperate dedicate channel. Phone networks used in band signaling a term ago we could control switching and other functionality by playing tones into the telephone. Today in band signaling is considered unsecure and is not used except for compability with old systems3. 2. Packet SwitchingPacket switchingis a communications paradigm in which packets are routed between nodes over data links shared with other traffic. In packet-based networks, the message gets broken into low-down data packets. These packets are sent out from the computer and they travel around the network seeking out the most high-octane route to travel as circuit become available. This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the shortest route. Each packet may go different route from the others. Each packet contains a header with information demand for routing the packet from descent to destination.The header address also describes the sequences for reassembly at the destination computer so that the packets are put back into the correct order. Each packet in a data stream is main(a). To be able to understand packet-switching, we need to know what apacketis. TheInternet Protocol (IP), just like many otherprotocols, breaks data into chunks and wraps the chunks into structures called packets. Each packet contains, along with the data load, information astir(predicate) the IP address of the source and the destination nodes, sequence numbers and some other control information.A packet can also be called a segment or datagram. Once they reach their destination, the packets are reassembled to make up the original data again. It is thitherfore obvious that, to transmit data in packets, it has to be digital data. The packet switching can broadly be divided into two main categories, first is the virtual circuit approach and other is the datagram approach. In the virtual circuit approach to packet switching, the relationship between all packets belonging to the message or a session is preserved. A single route is chosen between the sender and the receiver at beginning of the session.When the data are sent, all packets of transmission travel one after another along that route. The unsubtle heavens networks use the virtual circuit approach to the packet switching. The virtual circuit approach needs a call setup for establishing a virtual circuit between the source and destination. A call teardown deletes virtual circuit. After the setup, routing takes place based on the identifier known as the virtual circuit identifier. This approach can be used in the WANs, frame relay and an ATM. In the other approach of packet switching that is the datagram approach, each packet is treated independently of all others.Even if one packet is just a piece of a multi-packet transmission, the network treats it as though it is existed alone. Packets in this approach are known as the datagram. The internet has chosen datagram approach to switching in the network bed. It uses the universal addresses defined in network class to route packets from the source to destination. Inpacket-switching, the packets are sent towards the destination irrespective of each other. Each packet has to find its own route to the destination. There is no predetermined itinerary the decision as to which node to hop to in the next step is taken only when a node is reached.Each packet finds its way using the information it carries, such as the source and destination IP addresses4. 2) HISTORY OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING * Evolution of Circuit Switching Switches are used to build transmission p ath between telephone set on a flexible basis. Without switches, each telephone set would require a direct, consecrated circuit to every other telephone set in order to be able to communicate. This is a full-mesh physical topology network. Such a full mesh network clearly is resource-intensive, impractical and even impossible, as early experience proved.Circuit Switching were demonstrable for percentage communications. Contemporary circuit switches provide continuous access to logical channels over high-capacity physical circuits for the duration of the conversation. In January 1878, the first telephone switch went into operation in New Haven Connecticut. Switching technology had advanced drastically over the intervening decades, yet the basic function had remained the same interconnect users of telephones by creating circuits between them. Every telephone has a line, or circuit, that connects physically to a telephone switch.In the simple case of both the person making the call and the person being called are connected to the same switch, the caller dials the number of the desire person, the switch checks to see if the line is available, and if it is, the two lines are interconnected by the switch. The connection is maintained until one person hangs up his or her telephone, at which condemnation the switch terminates the connection, freeing both lines for other calls. Three characteristics of this type of switching, called circuit switching, are important.First, before the two parties can talk the circuit between them has to be created, and it takes time for a switch to check if a connection can be made and then to make the connection. Second, when a connection has been made, it creates a dedicated connection. No other party can reach either party of a dedicated connection until that connection has ended. Three, since switches are very expensive one accounting policy telephone companies implemented to recover their investment was to institute a minimum c harge for every telephone call, generally three minutes.For office calls that lasted many minutes, a minimum charge did not represent a problem. But communications between computers often last less than seconds, much less minutes. It was difficult to image how circuit switching could work efficiently for computer communications when such a system took minutes to make a connection, created dedicated connections so only one person, or party, could be in connection with another party, and had a prohibitive cost structure. Although these issues were generally understood before the experiments of Roberts and Marill in 1965, they were once again strongly confirmed.The experiments also made it abundantly clear that the problems confronting computer communications were not only with the circuit-switching architecture of the telephone system. Host operating(a) system software of the day assumed there was only one Host and all connecting devices were as if slaves. Hosts were not designed t o recognize or interact with peer-level computers the image of peer-level computing did not yet exist. Thus, in interconnecting two computers, one had to be master and one slave. The problem only became worse if more than two computers wanted to interconnect and communicate.Nevertheless, the problem of Host software was considered to be solvable if a suitable communication system could be designed and made to work. Fortunately, an peeping innovative scientist, Paul Baran, had already explored the problems of circuit switching beginning in 1959. By 1962, he had made his concept of a message-based communication system in public known. Independently, in 1965, an English scientist, Donald Davies reached the same conclusions as had Baran and would coin its name packet switching. * Evolution of Packet Switching The concept of packet switching had two independent beginnings, with Paul Baran and Donald Davies.Leonard Kleinrock conducted early research and authored a book in 1961 in the r elated field of digital message switching without explicitly using the concept of packets and also later played a leading role in building and management of the worlds first packet switched network, namely the ARPANET. Baran developed the concept of packet switching during his research for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first published in 1962, and then including and expanding somewhat within a series of eleven papers titled On distri anded communications in 1964.Barans earlier paper described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed survivable communication network. His paper focused on three key ideas 1) the use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, 2) dividing expel user messages into what he called message blocks (packets), and 3) delivery of this message by store and forward switching. Barans study paved the way for Robert Taylor and J. C. R.Licklider, both wide-area network evangelists working at the Inf ormation Processing Technology Office, and it also helped influence Lawrence Roberts to adopt the technology when Taylor put him in charge of development of the ARPANET. Barans packet switching work similar to the research performed independently by Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. In 1965, Davies developed the concept of packet switched networks and proposed development of a U. K. wide network. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from Ministry of Defense told him about Barans work.At the 1967 ACM Symposium on operating system principles, Davies and Robert bringing the two groups together. Interestingly, Davies had be chosen some of the same parameters for his original network design as Baran, such as a packet coat of 1024 bits. Roberts and the ARPANET team took the name packet switching itself from Davies work. In 1970, Davies helped build a packet switched network called Mark I to serve the NPL in the UK. It was replaced with the Mar k II in 1973, and remained in operation until 1986, influencing other packet communications research in UK and Europe5. 3) COMPARISON BETWEEN CIRCUIT AND PACKET SWITCHINGCircuit Switching In circuit switching a message path or data communication path or channel or circuit is dedicated to an entire message block during the process of message transmission. The entire bandwidth is dedicated to the said message as it were, and before any data transmission can take place circuit initialisation and setup has to be done to enable or determine the avalaibility of the link as in trying to make a call using the telephon line for voice messaging or even dial-up procedure where you need to establsih that the line is free for use in the first place and then have the line engaged all through your time of use.All the message travel through the same path and keep the link engaged all the while when the block of message is been relayed or transmitted. In circuit switching, whole of the data travels along a single dedicated path between the two terminals whereas in datagram switching data is divided into packets and each of these packets are treated indepently and travel along different paths, source and destination being the same. Circuit switching concept is used in Telephony networks where a dedicated line is assigned to particular connection, the connection in this case is permanent during the connection.Considerable amount of bandwidth is insensible in this process and at a time only one way communication is possible. Circuit switching is done at physical layer whereas datagram switching is generally done at network layer. Circuit switching requires the resources to be reserved before the transmission of data but datagram switching doesnt require such reservation of resources. Advantages 1. Fixed delays, because of the dedicated circuit no interference and no sharing. 2. Guaranteed continous service, also because of the dedicated circuit. . Guaranted the full bandwidth f or the duration of the call. Disadvantages 1. Takes a relatively long time to set up the circuit. 2. Difficult to support variable data rates and is not efficient for burst traffic. The equipment may be wise for a lot of call, if no data is being sent the dedicated line still remains open. 3. During crisis or disaster, the network may become volatile or unavailable. 4. It was primarily developed for voice traffic rather than data traffic. Packet SwitchingIn packet switching the block of data is conk out into small units with each unit having a sequence number attached to it for orderly identification within a given message block and these different units are usaully sent across the available diffrent links or channels of data transmission from one end to the other end point where they arrvive at different times but have to be assembled together in the correct order at this location via the sequence numbers to get out the original message back without any data degredation occurin g as a issuance of the different paths of transmissions from source to destination.Also no single data channel is dedicated to any given message block in the course of transmission as many units of different messages can be multiplexed and then get demultiplexed at their deffferent destinations correctly since there are codes to differentiate each unit of message, resulting to no conflict at all. Packet switching splits messages into small units and transmitting them to destination using different paths while at the same time keeping tracks or maintaining an orderliness of the units for proper and correct reassembling of the units to get the original message back.Packet switching is generally used in Internet data transmmission where we send data without minding if the link is free or not as far as we are connected and the pieces of information that we sent are then split into smaller units and then sent in packets, with each packets switched through different data channel most tim es and with no loss at the end. The main advantage of packet-switching is that it permits statistical multiplexing on the communications lines. The packets from many different sources can share a line, allowing for very efficient use of the fixed capacity.With current technology, packets are generally accepted onto the network on a first-come, first-served basis. If the network becomes overloaded, packets are delayed or toss away (dropped)6. Advantages 1. Since packet are typically short, the communication links between the nodes are only allocated to transferring a single message for a short period of time while transmitting each packet. Longer messages require a series of packets to be sent but do not require the link to be dedicated between the transmission of each packet.The implication is that packets belonging to other messages may be sent between the packets of the message being sent from one node to other node. This provides a much fairer sharing of the resources of each of the links. 2. The ability to do statistical multiplexing which can exploit the inherent burstiness in many data applications and thereby enable sharing of the network resources more efficiently among multiple data streams is a major advantage. 3. Pipelining- This simultaneous use of communications links represents a gain in effieciency, the total delay for transmission across a packet network may be considerebly less than for message switching, despite the inclusion of a header in each packet rather than in each message. Disadvantages 1. Packets arriving in wrong order. 2. Under heavy use there can be delay. 3. Protocols are needed for a reliable transfer. 4. Not so good for some types data streams. Real-time video streams can lose frames due to the way packets arrive out of sequence7. ) PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Circuit Switching In circuit switching, a unique connection is used to move data between the two end user8. Circuit-Switched type networks are most commonly portions of the ub iquitous telephone networks to which we are all accustomed. In these networks, which generally transmit voice or data, a pribate transmission path is established between any pair or group of users attempting to communicate and is held as long as transmission is take.Telephone networks are typically circuit switched, because voice traffic requires the consistent timing of a single, dedicated physical path to keep a constant delay on the circuit. Figure 2 Example of circuit switching Figure 3 Public circuit switching network Subcribers The device that attach to the network. contributor loop The link between the subscriber and the network. Exchanges The switching centers in the network. End office The switching center that at present supports subscribers. Trunks The branches between exchanges. They carry multiple voice-frequency circuit using either FDM or synchronous TDM.Figure 4 Circuit establishment Basic performance equation for a single link in a circuit-switched network Lets c onsider a system with N circuits on a single link, with customers arriving according to a Poisson process at rate ? customers per second, and with successful customers having a mean holding time of h seconds, distributed as a negative exponential distribution with parameter ? = 1/h. If a customer attempting a new call finds all the circuits busy, there are no waiting places, so well assume that the customer just goes away and forgets about making the call.Define the state of our system by the random variable K, where K represents the number of customers currently in the system, then K can take on any integer value in the range from 0 to N. With these assumptions, our model is simply a state-dependent queue, with arrival rate (independent of the state), and service rate i when the system is in state K=i. This is known as an M/M/N/N queue Markovian arrivals, Markovian service time, N servers, and a maximum of N customers in the system. We can draw the following Markov chain diagram t o represent the system.When there are I customers the service rate is i , which is due to the fact that there are i customers, each with a service rate ? , so the total service rate is i. Figure 5 Markov chain diagram Under conditions of statistical equilibrium, the solution is pi=AiN j=0NAjj Observe that this is simply a truncated Poisson distribution and also the result depends on the traffic A, and not the specific values of ? and ?. To establish a path in circuit switching three consecutive phases are required 1. Connection establishment. 2. Data transfer. 3.Connection teardown. Elements of a circuit-switch node (Figure 6) * Digital Switch Provides a trasnparent signal path between any pair of attached devices. * Control whole Establishes, maintains and tears down connections. * Network Interface Functions and hardware needed to connect digital and analog terminals and trunk lines. Figure 6 Circuit switch factor Packet Switching In packet switching, data are broken into packets of fixed or variable size, depending on the protocol used. The performance of packet switching is called best effort performance.If you transmit from sender to receiver, all the network will do its best to get the packet to the other end as tight as possible, but there are no guarantees on how fast that packet will arrive. Figure 7 Example of packet switching Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the channel capacity available in digital telecommunication networks such as computer networks, to minimize the transmission latency, the time it takes for data to pass across the network. It is also used to increase robustness of communication. These layers are introduced to break down the complexity of communications.The top layer (layer 7) is the layer at user level. As the layers go down, they get increasingly primitive. Layer is most primitive from as it is just binary numbers prepared to be transmit to the end node. Seven layers of open systems interconnection models are s hown in table 17 Layer Number Name Description 1 Pysical Layer Deals with physical connection between nodes in network. 2 Data Link Layer Maintaining and optimising actual connection. 3 Network Layer Deals with communication of data on a network. 4 Transportation Layer Sequencing, error detection and optimisation of communication. 5 Session Layer Controls the communication between applications running on end nodes. 6 Presentation Layer Format data and provides syntaxes for application. 7 Application Layer Contains management functions. Table 1 Layers of open systems interconnection model Every packet contain some control information in its header, which is required for routing and other purposes. Figure 8 Packet data format Initially, transmission time decreases as packet size is reduced. But, as packet size is reduced and the payload part of a packet becomes comparable to the control part, transmission time increases.Figure 9 Variation of transmission time with packet size. A s packet size is decreased, the transmission time reduces until it is comparable to the size of control information. There is a approximate relationship between packet size and transmission time as shown in Figure 9. In this case it is assumed that there is a virtual circuit from station X to Y through nodes a and b. Times required for transmission decreases as each message is divided into 2 and 5 packets. However, the transmission time increases if each message is divided into 10 packets9.The packet switched networks allow any drove to send data to any other host without reserving the circuit. Multiple paths between a pair of sender and receiver may exist in a packet switched network. One path is selected between source and destination. Whenever the sender has data to send, it converts them into packets and in front them to next computer or router. The router stores this packet till the output line is free. Then, this packet is transferred to next computer or router (called as h op). This way, it moves to the destination hop by hop. All the packets belonging to a transmission may or may not take the same route.The route of a packet is decided by network layer protocols. As we know there are two approaches for packet switching which are 1. Datagram switching, 2. Virtual circuit swtiching. 1. Datagram Switching Each packet is routed independently through network which is also called connectionless packet-switching. Datagram packet switching sends each packet along the path that is optimal at the time the packet is sent. When a packet traverses the network each intermediate station will need to determine the next hop. Routers in the internet are packet switches that operate in datagraam mode.Each packet may travel by a different path. Each different path will have a different total transmission delay (the number of hops in the path may be different, and the delay across each hop may change for different routes). Therefore, it is possible for the packets to arr ive at the destination in a different order from the order in which they were sent10. Figure 10 Datagram packet switching Figure 11 Delay in datagram packet switching There are three primary types of datagram packet switches * Store and forward Buffers data until the entire packet is received and checked for errors.This prevents corrupted packets from propagating throughout the network but increases switching delay. * Fragment free Filters out most error packets but doesnt necessarily prevent the propagation of errors throughout the network. It offers faster switching speeds and lower delay than store-and-forward mode. * Cut through Does not filter errors it switches packets at the highest throughput, offering the to the lowest degree forwarding delay. 2. Virtual Circuit Switching Virtual circuit packet switching (VC-switching) is a packet switching technique which merges datagram packet switching and circuit switching to extract both of their advantages.VC switching is a variation of datagram packet switching where packets flow on so-called logical circuits for which no physical resources like frequencies or time slots are allocated shown in Figure 12. Each packet carries a circuit identifier, which is local to a link and updated by each switch on the path of the packet from its source to its destination10. A virtual circuit is defined by the sequence of the mappings between a link taken by packets and the circuit identifier packets carry on this link. In VC-switching, routing is performed at circuit establishment time to keep packet forwarding fast.Other advantages of VC-switching include the traffic engineering competency of circuit switching, and the resources usage efficiency of datagram packet switching. Nevertheless, a main issue of VC-Switched networks is the behavior on a topology change. As opposed to Datagram Packet Switched networks which mechanically recompute routing tables on a topology change like a link failure, in VC-switching all virtual c ircuits that pass through a failed link are interrupted. Hence, rerouting in VC-switching relies on traffic engineering techniques6.Figure 12 Virtual circuit packet switching Figure 13 Delay on packets in virtual-packet switching 5) APPLICATION OF CIRCUIT AND PACKET SWITCHING Circuit Switching 1. Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) The plain old telephone system (POTS) is the largest circuit switched network. The originalGSMnetwork is also circuit switched. Prior to the existence of new types of networks, all communication systems had to be built based on the existing telecommunications facilities, which were by and large oriented to what the common carriers refer to as plain old telephone service, known as POTS.Consequently, even today, in order to use POTS for data communications, it is necessary to use a modem to convert the data to a form suitable for voice-transmission media. The data transmission rate that can be obtained over a POTS connection is typically less than 64 Kbps. T hese rates are adequate for text and audio transmission. However, they are not suf? cient for good quality video transmission in real-time. 2. Switched 56 Service Switched 56 service is a dial-up digital service provided by local and long distance telephone companies. For a connection, a data service unit/data channel unit (DSU/CSU) is used instead of a modem.Switched 56 service uses a 64 Kbps channel, but one bit per byte is used for band signaling, leaving 56 Kbps for data. This service allows the transmission of information over one or two twisted cable pairs to multiple points at a data rate of 56 Kpbs. 3. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) The ISDN was designed in the 1980s to offer end-to-end digital connectivity, while providing the required QoS with data rates in the range of Kbps to Mbps over switched connections. In order to provide even higher data rates, the original ISDN was extended to broadband ISDN (BISDN) (Martin, 1985).The ISDN services are provided to use rs as ISDN interfaces, each comprising a number of ISDN channels. Using 64-Kbps channels, called bearer or B channels, ISDN provides access to the digital network. ISDN provides lower error rate compared to typical voiceband modems and a relatively high bandwidth data channel11. Packet Switching 1. VOIP It is becoming increasingly accepted to transmit delay sensitive data through a packet switched network (rather than circuit switched). There are protocols that can create a virtually real-time environment which, for voice conversations, is sufficient.Voice over IP is essentially a voice signal encoded into a digital format, being sent through a packet switched network (or possibly any other network) using the Internet Protocol (IP). Over recent years there have been standards developed and supported by major companies including ITU-T H. 323. VOIP has a long way to evolve before it is used as widespread as circuit switched networks, but it is well on its way. 2. IPv6 The current pro tocol that is employed almost over IP (IPv4) has come to the end of its useful life. This is mainly because it has run out of addresses to uniquely identify every non-private computer in the world.IPv6 has been deigned to be more efficient than IPv4 and solve the addressing problems that we face at present. Ipv6 will use 128 bits to address nodes, which provides 2128possibilities (roughly3. 4? 1038). It will incorporate a special option mechanism to store nonmandatory headers in the transport layer (to maximize efficiency by reducing required space). Finally, Ipv6 will have support for resource allocation, allowing packets to be part of a traffic flow which will provide better communication of data such as video/voice streams VOIP. 6) CONCLUSION In large networks there might be multiple pathslinking sender and receiver.Information may be switched as it travels through various communication channels. Data networks can be classified as using circuit-switching or packet-switching. Pa cket switching, which forms the basis of the Internet, is a form of statistical multiplexing in which senders divide messages into small packets. The switching centers receive the control signals, messages or conversations and forwards to the required destination, after necessary modification link amplification if necessary. In computer communication, the switching technique used is known as packet switching or message switch (store and forward switching).In telephone network the switching method used is called circuit switching. Circuit switchingis a technique that directly connects the sender and the receiver in anunbroken path. In the modern and fast paced world, what we are looking for is efficiency, low costs and reliability and packet-switched networks seems to fulfill most of the criteria that the conjunction is looking for. It would only be a matter of time before circuit switching becomes a thing of the past. 7) REFERENCES 1 Stallings, W. , Data and Computer Communications , 7th ed. 1999, velocity Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. 2 Notes. com, C.What is Switching. Available from http//ecomputernotes. com/computernetworkingnotes/computer-network/what-is-switching. 3 ABC, T. , Circuit Switching. 2005. 4 Jia, S. and G. Wang. Network performance analysis of packet-switching Csup3/sup system. in TENCON 89. Fourth IEEE part 10 International Conference. 1989. 5 Wikipedia, Packet Switching, 2012, Wikipedia. 6 Torlak, P. M. , Telecommunication Switching and Transmission. Packet Switching and Computer Networks UTD. 7 Heng Zheng Hann, C. Y. Y. , Fareezul Asyraf, Farhana Binti Mohamad, Fong Poh Yeee, Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching, C.Y. Y. Heng Zheng Hann, Fareezul Asyraf, Farhana Binti Mohamad, Fong Poh Yeee, Editor, Wikibooks. 8 Gebali, F. , Analysisof Computer and Communication. Switches and Routers2008, New York, USA Springer. 9 Kharagpur, I. , Switching Techniques Circuit Switching, CSE. 10 Notes. com, C. Datagram Packet vs. Virtual Packet. Available from http//ecomputernotes. com/computernetworkingnotes/switching/distinguish-between-datagram-packet-switching-and-virtual-circuit-switching. 11 Dr. Farid Farahmand, D. Q. Z. , Circuit Switching. 2007.

Us 101 Week 8 Assignment

Associate Level Material Appendix J Reliable seminal fluids inducesheet Locate two seminal fluids in the University Library on a topic of your choice. Provide the required information for both sources. Source 1 * Author Reisch, Michael and Jani, Jayshree S. Date September 2012 Title The New Politics of Social Work Practice Understanding Context to Promote Change. Publication British Journal of Social Work * Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions * Is the source reliable? How do you know?Yes I feel as if this source was reliable simply because it gave facts as well as the truth. This word identifys of what type of well-disposed discipline has been d ane as well as how affective each method was with people. It tells of all the types that they did to fit peoples needs and what it was that happened with each. This being said, it gives us the clear knowledge that we need to see all the different ways it was handled over the past several decades. The au thors non only gave their opinions on the open and they also gave us the facts that they had received.Is the information relevant to the topic? Yes the information is relevant to the topic because it did talk some the different types of social work practices that have interpreted place over the past few decades as well as what the people could do to change what was being done to perform it better as a whole. The article gives you a clear picture of what it is that social work deals with as well as what you need to do to conduct the proper work for the job. I do not think that the article could have been any more relevant to the topic than it was.Does the information reflect a preconception on the authors part? If so, what is the bias? Yes and no. I do not feel as if the authors were too biased on their writing. However they did tell us a little on how they felt about what was being done. The article was more about the practices of social work over the years and how they dissol ve be improved with time. It showed us the bad and the good things that social work brings to the table so I feel that all social work topics should and bequeath have peoples personal opinions somehow tied into the mix.The information that the authors gave us was a great amount that really showed us what it was that needed to be done and how things should work. Source 2 * Author Blomquist, Brooke A. and Giuliano, Traci A. Date June 2012 Title Do You Love Me, Too? Perceptions of Responses to I Love You. Publication North American Journal of Psychology. * Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions * Is the source reliable? How do you know? Yes, I feel that the source is reliable with what they said.I know this because the article is all about a study that was taken between men and women to see what they had to say on the matter of one saying I chouse you and their response if they do not feel the same. The article not only describes in full what the study w as about but also there are pictures of the responses to what was said that corresponds to it. This article was in a Journal of works so it would seem to be more reliable than just a letter from someone or a little paper that was made about it. Is the information relevant to the topic?Yes the information that was given is relevant to the topic because it tells just how people perceive how one feels when being told I love you when they do not feel lit as well. It shows of what people said in the stick with as well as why they said what they said. To me, the answers that were given do seem to be reasonable as to what I would expect to be said. Normally when one says I love you it is taken by surprise by the person hearing it and if they are not ready to say it back they are normally more cagey to tell them the truth about how they feel Which is what this article is telling us.Does the information reflect a bias on the authors part? If so, what is the bias? No, I do not feel that the authors showed bias in the article. I do not feel as if they did simply because it was more about the survey that was taken rather than their personal thoughts on the matter. They may have put a few points in there on how they felt about the subject but there was not enough to say that they gave too much or that they gave more on how they felt about the I love you, Im not ready scenario that happens to most people. The authors showed the true facts on the cases as well as the majority of truth from both sexes.

1920 Baseball

How the 1920s Forever Changed Baseball It should come as no surprise to a majority of Americans that baseball game game is considered Americas national past succession. In fact, for galore(postnominal) people baseball has always been an enormous part of every day life. People are exposed to baseball through multiple mediums such as television, newspapers, and even the radio. When did this obsession start for the citizens of America? The 1920s is cognise as the comfort subject historic period of Sports. While many amuses started to emerge during this decennium, baseball was already established in 1875 and rapidly gaining popularity.Multiple factors bear on the way that baseball changed during the 1920s. Due to its change magnitude popularity of baseball and certain aspects of the game, the 1920s created what is cognise as modern day baseball. Previous to 1910 a rubber-centered ball was used, which had slight resiliency than the modern cork-centered baseball. When baseball switched to the cork-centered ball in 1910, batting averages shot up phenomenally, but the managers continued enormous afterwards to employ the scientific strategy (Mandell 131).Before the cork-centered ball, the game was dominated by extraordinary pitchers and batters who had difficulties hitting (Mandell 130). Walter Johnson was considered the decenniums beaver pitcher and totaled 3,497 strikeouts and 113 shut outs in his career (Mandell 130). Once the ball was changed the game became more interesting by having the game now balanced amidst the offense and defense. This made it possible for listeners to be entertained listening to a ball game instead of constantly having to go to watch the game. During this decade and the decade before, mount production made the radio a staple in most households in the United States.The wide scale production made radios very a good deal more afford able for common families. By 1925, 40 percent of workers in the United States earned at least $2000 annually and many enjoyed shortened workweeks, which gave them increase leisure date (The 1920s Sports Overview 1). With the excess money that the workers now possessed, they would go out and buy, among other items, automobiles, radios, and tickets to movies and athletic events ((The 1920s Sports Overview 1). Swarms of people were going to stadiums to watch their darling team compete. More people went to baseball games, more people followed baseball, and more people played baseball for fun than any other chromosomal mutation (The luxurious get on with of Sports 1). No other sport was as prominent as baseball was during the 1920s. A major draw to baseball was that it was a new var. of theater. The sheer drama of baseball was yet another attraction. Baseball had a cast of well-defined heroes and villains, familiar plots, comedy, and the unexpected (Rader 129). Baseball proved to be able to produce larger-than-life characters, or the heroes, time after time.To name a few thither was, most notably, Babe, Wahoo Sam, and Bugs. In every game, the umpire served the finding of the villain (Rader 129). While people in the 1920s might not have had the financial excess to spend money on seeing a Broadway play or other large-scale theater productions, baseball games had the same attraction for a littleer price. While many well-to-do people did project baseball games, every mothers son from banker to bum is eligible for membership in the Benevolent Brotherhood of Baseball Bugs (The National Pastime in the 1920s The Rise of the Baseball Fan 1).Everyone was welcome to play participate in baseball, whether it be as a spectator or player. At this time baseball was not just for one race either. People of all races and backgrounds played baseball. For example, in 1920 Andrew Rube Foster founded the Negro National League, NNL, so that when baseball was finally integrated the black and Hispanic players of the time would be ready for the challenge (Heaphy 39). Eve n men that did not come from well-respected upbringings were immediately accepted into the universe of discourse of baseball.George Herman commiseration Jr. , more commonly known as Babe condolence, was the prime example of how accepting baseball was. Babe grew up in Baltimore, physician and said, he became a bad kid, who smoked, chewed tobacco, and engaged in petty thievery. When Babe turned seven his parents sent him to the St. Marys Industrial Home for Boys, and ecesis for delinquents. (Rader 178). After twelve years in the home and building his baseball reputation, Babe was drafted to the Baltimore Orioles and the Boston Red Sox (Rader 178).Babe wrote in an autobiography, The greatest thing about this state is the wonderful fact that it doesnt matter which side of the tracks you were born on, or whether youre homeless or homely or friendless. The chance is still there (Rader 178). All people of different races and upbringings were brought together through baseball, as spectators and players, although the sport would not be integrated until 1947. The popularity of baseball greatly change the way that the sport would change. Without the demand of the spectators, certain changes would not have been made to the game. The most marked feature of the new sporting landscape was the ascendancy of big-time spectator sports, that is, sports that were attracted and were designed for atomic reactor audiences (Rader 173). Baseball changed from a player-centered sport to a spectator-centered sport. In American Sports it says that After 1920 the fans virtually dictated the character of American sport history. Even the ethos and structure of tyro sports like Little League Baseball and high school football resembled their professional counterparts more than the player-centered sports of an earlier era.In principle, if not in practice, incompetent sports had been for the pleasure and take in of the players in short, the athletes played. But with the ascendanc y of the spectators, the athletes played for the fans sports then became a mixed bag of work. (Rader 173) Baseball eventually became a consumer run industry. Magnificent stadiums were beginning to be construct during the 1920s, beginning with Yankee Stadium in 1923 (Rader 128). The massive baseball put, built of concrete and steel, bore mute testimony to the values Americans place upon baseball. The fans saw the put as more than a place for commercial amusement, the stadiums were also a king of civic, religious sanctuary representing and entire community (Rader 128). Judging solely on the change of the stadiums from rustic to urban, its clear that America was changing baseball into a larger-than-life, commercialized industry. Before Babe, fans were loyal to certain teams, but Babe changed the baptistry of baseball, making the fans more player-loyal.Apart from the enormous increase in the popularity of baseball during the 1920s, Babe Ruth was extremely influential in how the g ame is now. Paul Gallico, a sports-writer, said, In times past we had been interested in and excited by prize fighters and baseball players, but we have never been so someonely involved or joined in such a mass outpouring of affection as we did for Ruth (Rader 179). Not only did Babe change the focus of the spectators to the unmarried players from the team, he set a new standard in the amount that players should expect to be paid.Christy Walsh became Babes literary agent and as Ruths literary agent he increased Ruths writing income from $500 to $15000 in the first year (Rader 181). Most players made less than $10000 a year acting professional baseball. By the time Babe was at his highest point, he was making close to $3 million from play and outside endeavors relating to baseball (Rader 181). Other than the amount that he was paid and how America idolized him, Babe Ruth undoubtedly changed the history of baseball forever by making the homerun a common feature of the game.Before Babe, homeruns were not common, especially out-of-the-park homeruns. Outfielders played very shallow, which caused inside-the-park homeruns more frequently than seen today (Rader131). Babe Ruth shattered that newton by hitting out-of-the-park homeruns like no one had ever seen before. Baseball was forever influenced by the skill, idolization, and salary of Babe Ruth. There is no denying that baseball has spacious been considered Americas pastime, but it was not always like that. The game grew immensely in the 1920s and morphed into the baseball that is around today. One distinguishing and very authorized quality of baseball was the (however much the game did, indeed, resemble games played in many places for millennia) it was believed to be historically and exclusively American (Mandell 180). Growing up with parents that were actively involved in athletics throughout their adolescent life, sports were an enormous part of my and my brothers lives. Starting at age six I began play ing tee-ball and from there travel onto softball, while my brothers did the same, except go onto Little League.The popularity of professional baseball was evident even in tee-ball and Little League by having the teams named after the professional teams. It is apparent that the popularity in the 1920s continue into modern day baseball, not only by the growing number of fans, but almost how professional baseball has affected the amateur level of baseball. Work Cited Heaphy, Leslie A. The Negro Leagues 1869-1960. 1st . Jefferson McFarland&Company Inc. , Publishers, 2003. Print. Mandell, Richard D. Sports A Cultural History. 1st . New York Columbia University Press, 1984. Print. Rader, Benjamin G.American Sports. 1st . Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1983. Print. Sumner, Jim. The Golden Age of Sports. North Carolina Museum of History. American Social History Products, Inc. , n. d. Web. . The 1920s Sports Overview. American Decades. 2001. Encyclopedia. com. 4 Dec. 2012 . . The Nation al Pastime in the 1920s The Rise of the Baseball Fan. History Matters. American Social History Products, Inc.. Web. .1920 BaseballHow the 1920s Forever Changed Baseball It should come as no surprise to a majority of Americans that baseball is considered Americas national past time. In fact, for many people baseball has always been an enormous part of every day life. People are exposed to baseball through multiple mediums such as television, newspapers, and even the radio. When did this obsession start for the citizens of America? The 1920s is known as the Golden Age of Sports. While many sports started to emerge during this decade, baseball was already established in 1875 and rapidly gaining popularity.Multiple factors affected the way that baseball changed during the 1920s. Due to its increased popularity of baseball and certain aspects of the game, the 1920s created what is known as modern day baseball. Previous to 1910 a rubber-centered ball was used, which had less resiliency t han the modern cork-centered baseball. When baseball switched to the cork-centered ball in 1910, batting averages shot up phenomenally, but the managers continued long afterwards to employ the scientific strategy (Mandell 131).Before the cork-centered ball, the game was dominated by extraordinary pitchers and batters who had difficulties hitting (Mandell 130). Walter Johnson was considered the decades outstrip pitcher and totaled 3,497 strikeouts and 113 shut outs in his career (Mandell 130). Once the ball was changed the game became more interesting by having the game now balanced amidst the offense and defense. This made it possible for listeners to be entertained listening to a ball game instead of constantly having to go to watch the game. During this decade and the decade before, mass production made the radio a staple in most households in the United States.The wide scale production made radios much more affordable for common families. By 1925, 40 percent of workers in the United States earned at least $2000 annually and many enjoyed shortened workweeks, which gave them increased leisure time (The 1920s Sports Overview 1). With the excess money that the workers now possessed, they would go out and buy, among other items, automobiles, radios, and tickets to movies and athletic events ((The 1920s Sports Overview 1). Swarms of people were going to stadiums to watch their favored team compete. More people went to baseball games, more people followed baseball, and more people played baseball for fun than any other sport (The Golden Age of Sports 1). No other sport was as prominent as baseball was during the 1920s. A major draw to baseball was that it was a new form of theater. The sheer drama of baseball was yet another attraction. Baseball had a cast of well-defined heroes and villains, familiar plots, comedy, and the unexpected (Rader 129). Baseball proved to be able to produce larger-than-life characters, or the heroes, time after time.To name a few there was, most notably, Babe, Wahoo Sam, and Bugs. In every game, the umpire served the function of the villain (Rader 129). While people in the 1920s might not have had the financial excess to spend money on seeing a Broadway play or other large-scale theater productions, baseball games had the same attraction for a lesser price. While many well-to-do people did seem baseball games, every mothers son from banker to bum is eligible for membership in the Benevolent Brotherhood of Baseball Bugs (The National Pastime in the 1920s The Rise of the Baseball Fan 1).Everyone was welcome to play participate in baseball, whether it be as a spectator or player. At this time baseball was not just for one race either. People of all races and backgrounds played baseball. For example, in 1920 Andrew Rube Foster founded the Negro National League, NNL, so that when baseball was finally integrated the black and Hispanic players of the time would be ready for the challenge (Heaphy 39). Even men th at did not come from well-respected upbringings were immediately accepted into the initiation of baseball.George Herman Ruth Jr. , more commonly known as Babe Ruth, was the prime example of how accepting baseball was. Babe grew up in Baltimore, doc and said, he became a bad kid, who smoked, chewed tobacco, and engaged in petty thievery. When Babe turned seven his parents sent him to the St. Marys Industrial Home for Boys, and launching for delinquents. (Rader 178). After twelve years in the home and building his baseball reputation, Babe was drafted to the Baltimore Orioles and the Boston Red Sox (Rader 178).Babe wrote in an autobiography, The greatest thing about this nation is the wonderful fact that it doesnt matter which side of the tracks you were born on, or whether youre homeless or homely or friendless. The chance is still there (Rader 178). All people of different races and upbringings were brought together through baseball, as spectators and players, although the s port would not be integrated until 1947. The popularity of baseball greatly affected the way that the sport would change. Without the demand of the spectators, certain changes would not have been made to the game. The most marked feature of the new sporting landscape was the ascendancy of big-time spectator sports, that is, sports that were attracted and were designed for mass audiences (Rader 173). Baseball changed from a player-centered sport to a spectator-centered sport. In American Sports it says that After 1920 the fans virtually dictated the character of American sport history. Even the ethos and structure of amateur sports like Little League Baseball and high school football resembled their professional counterparts more than the player-centered sports of an earlier era.In principle, if not in practice, amateur sports had been for the pleasure and public assistance of the players in short, the athletes played. But with the ascendancy of the spectators, the athletes played for the fans sports then became a form of work. (Rader 173) Baseball eventually became a consumer run industry. Magnificent stadiums were beginning to be built during the 1920s, beginning with Yankee Stadium in 1923 (Rader 128). The massive baseball parks, built of concrete and steel, bore mute testimony to the values Americans place upon baseball. The fans saw the parks as more than a place for commercial amusement, the stadiums were also a king of civic, religious sanctuary representing and entire community (Rader 128). Judging solely on the change of the stadiums from rustic to urban, its clear that America was changing baseball into a larger-than-life, commercialized industry. Before Babe, fans were loyal to certain teams, but Babe changed the spirit of baseball, making the fans more player-loyal.Apart from the enormous increase in the popularity of baseball during the 1920s, Babe Ruth was extremely influential in how the game is now. Paul Gallico, a sports-writer, said, In ti mes past we had been interested in and excited by prize fighters and baseball players, but we have never been so individually involved or joined in such a mass outpouring of affection as we did for Ruth (Rader 179). Not only did Babe change the focus of the spectators to the individual players from the team, he set a new standard in the amount that players should expect to be paid.Christy Walsh became Babes literary agent and as Ruths literary agent he increased Ruths writing income from $500 to $15000 in the first year (Rader 181). Most players made less than $10000 a year playing professional baseball. By the time Babe was at his highest point, he was making close to $3 million from playing and outside endeavors relating to baseball (Rader 181). Other than the amount that he was paid and how America idolized him, Babe Ruth undoubtedly changed the history of baseball forever by making the homerun a common feature of the game.Before Babe, homeruns were not common, especially out-of -the-park homeruns. Outfielders played very shallow, which caused inside-the-park homeruns more frequently than seen today (Rader131). Babe Ruth shattered that normality by hitting out-of-the-park homeruns like no one had ever seen before. Baseball was forever influenced by the skill, idolization, and salary of Babe Ruth. There is no denying that baseball has long been considered Americas pastime, but it was not always like that. The game grew immensely in the 1920s and morphed into the baseball that is around today. One distinguishing and very of import quality of baseball was the (however much the game did, indeed, resemble games played in many places for millennia) it was believed to be historically and exclusively American (Mandell 180). Growing up with parents that were actively involved in athletics throughout their adolescent life, sports were an enormous part of my and my brothers lives. Starting at age six I began playing tee-ball and from there moved onto softball, while my brothers did the same, except moved onto Little League.The popularity of professional baseball was evident even in tee-ball and Little League by having the teams named after the professional teams. It is diaphanous that the popularity in the 1920s continue into modern day baseball, not only by the growing number of fans, but almost how professional baseball has affected the amateur level of baseball. Work Cited Heaphy, Leslie A. The Negro Leagues 1869-1960. 1st . Jefferson McFarland&Company Inc. , Publishers, 2003. Print. Mandell, Richard D. Sports A Cultural History. 1st . New York Columbia University Press, 1984. Print. Rader, Benjamin G.American Sports. 1st . Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1983. Print. Sumner, Jim. The Golden Age of Sports. North Carolina Museum of History. American Social History Products, Inc. , n. d. Web. . The 1920s Sports Overview. American Decades. 2001. Encyclopedia. com. 4 Dec. 2012 . . The National Pastime in the 1920s The Rise of the Baseball Fan . History Matters. American Social History Products, Inc.. Web. .

Reactivity of Mg and Ca Essay

IntroductionThe aim of this practical is to determine the difference in the reactivity mingled with Mg and Ca when hot and cold wet is added.HypothesisWe think they will react in some kind of form.VariablesThe self-sustaining variable was the temperature of the water and also the quantity of metal use in the experiment and the dependent variable was the reaction.Equipment* Mg (s)* Ca (s)* Phenolphthalein* Beaker* Cold and hot water* Sandpaper* Test tubes with rackProcedure1. The Magnesium was cleaned with sandpaper.2. Two pieces of magnesium was put into two campaign tubes and two pieces of calcium was put into two interrogation tubes.3. Cold water was added into two test tubes one with calcium one with magnesium.4. Two droplets of phenolphalein were added in each of the test tubes filled with cold water to observe the change in ph.5. Water was heated over a Benson burner and poured into the two test tubes without water while observing the reactions.6. Two droplets of phenolpha lein were added in each of the test tubes filled with cold water to observe the change in ph.ObservationRelative reactivity ofCold waterHot waterMg in that respect was a minimum reaction. Fig. 1There is a bigger reaction than with the cold water. Fig. 2CaThe temperature of the water increases right away. Before we dropped the phenolphthalein the solution was white, fig.3, further after adding the phenolphthalein it turned pink, fig.4, which means that the reaction is basic.The temperature stayed the same but because the water was hot the reaction was more explosive and quicker. Before the phenolphthalein the solution was white, fig.3, and after drop the phenolphthalein it turned pink, fig.4, which means that is a basic solution.ResultsAre your results in accordance with what you have larn about reactivity?Yes because calcium has more orbits the atom has the little energy it needs to give away electrons. In this case the atom that has more orbits is the calcium that is why it rea cts more than the magnesium because calcium needs little energy to give electrons away. And the magnesium didnt react much because it needs more energy that the one that we gave it.Write the balanced equation for the reaction between Mg and H2OMg (s) + H2O (l) MgO (s) + H2 (g)UncertaintiesOther element might have been present.The hot water might have been heated more.ConclusionWe learned that both magnesium and calcium is basic solutions because of the pink tint to the color. We also learned that calcium reacted faster than magnesium.

Fin 580

1. (TCO D) The most valuable single technique in personalised risk management to assist an individual in determining how much life insurance is needed is (Points 4) Computing the Human Life Value. Using the hazard of finis each year, prevailing intimacy rates and assumed inflation rates to find the discounted present value of a future income stream. x Assessing the familys positive economic needs and subtracting financial resources available to meet those needs.Estimating the sum of money which, when paid in installments, will produce the same income as the person would buzz off earned, after deducting assumed amounts for taxes and personal maintenance expenses. Using a multiple of earnings adjusted for occupation. 2. (TCO D) Mike had a $100,000 whole life insurance insurance with a $10,000 loan outstanding when he died. The policy had a $20,000 cash value prior to the loan. How much will his beneficiary receive following Mikes death? (Points 4) $120,000 110,000 $100,000 xx $ 90,000 $30,000 3. (TCO D) If your employment is terminated, COBRA provides for (Points 4) Cancellation of all group insurance benefits. Continuation of group insurance benefits until you are reemployed. Permanent continuation of group health insurance. x short-lived continuation of group insurance benefits you pay premiums. Temporary continuation of group insurance benefits employer pays premiums. 4. (TCO D) Which of the following best describes a pre-existing take aim? Points 4) An exclusion. Cancer, heart condition or other serious diseases. An injury that results from an accident. Something not covered by the insurance policy. x A medical condition for which one has previously been treated. 5. (TCO D) The make up of ______ gives the insurance company the right to recover its costs from the at-fault party after the company has paid a claim to its insured. (Points 4) x Subrogation Indemnity Insurance interest Coinsurance None of these

Developmentally Appropriate Environment

For many years, t for each oneers, parents and tike care providers saw how young children learn through play. Studies of child development play, reading, and writing show that young children learn differently from adults. teenage children must be active while they learn. They must experience frontmost hand and in very real ways how things work, how spoken words can be written, and how reading helps them function in the world. Structured learning activities such as paper and pencil tasks, workbook pages, drill, and sitting and listening for long periods of time do not work for young children.The National Association for the Education of Young Children represents the early childhood profession. Their book on development aloney abstract practice and accreditation criteria define quality programs for young children. Developmentally appropriate environments help children develop in all areasphysical, social, creative, emotional, and cognitive. No one area of development is more impo rtant than other in the early years of a childs life. It is oftentimes not possible to separate childrens development in one area from another.For example, as a child masters a physical achievement such as climbing, self-esteem grows. The new physical skill makes it possible for the child to learn more about(predicate) the world and to interact with friends. Children use conundrum solving to learn and perfect each new mental, social or physical skill. This integrated approach to learning is one of the hallmarks of a developmentally appropriate program. Parents want a warm and loving person to care for their children. Research supports the importance of this relationship. Staff characteristics are the most important criteria for determining quality care.A trained provider will interact well with children because of her chicaneledge and expectations of behavior for that age group. A developmentally appropriate provider knows and works with each child as an individual. Individual children have their own interests that motivate their learning and good behavior. Developmentally appropriate programs value individual interests as strengths that help children learn In appropriate settings, teachers arrange learning centers in which small groups of children can work and play. These centers may be for different types of play quiet, messy, and active.Most programs have an area for circumvent building, art, water play, playing house, music, books, table toys, and games. For school-aged children, there is an area for doing homework or projects. What most adults remember from their own public school experiences will not be in a quality early childhood program. there are no individual desks where each child sits to listen to the teacher and do work. There is no large space where everyone has to do the corresponding thing at the same time. Children can choose to be with a friend or alone. This increases success in getting along with others.They do not need to compet e for materials or attention. It is easier to take turns. They learn to listen to others, express themselves, and eventually understand another persons viewpoint.. The curriculum is everything that goes on throughout the day. Chances for learning occur during play and routines like snack, lunch and rest times. Children learn good health practices, unequivocal social interactions, independence in self-care and decision making, as well as science, mathematics, music, art, language, and social studies. The caregiver plans learning activities after seeing the childrens interests and abilities.Children learn the same thing in a variety of activities. They learn a variety of things in one activity. For instance, learning colors can take place in art, through songs and stories, through table games, cooking activities, and in costumes for play. There is no need to have children sit down and teach them the color red all at one time. There are many opportunities throughout the day for childr en to learn about colors as they actively work with materials. The children who already know about colors are not bored. They attend to other things like shape.Trained child care teachers know that children grow according to predictable developmental patterns. They match activities to the childrens age and stage. For instance, children younger than three will have difficulty share-out. To reduce the conflicts over toys, a teacher provides more than one of each toy. The teachers model sharing as they work together. When a child does share, the teachers consistently compliment and encourage the childs sharing. In an inappropriate program, the adults would impose sharing before children are developmentally ready to share, then they punish children for not sharing.This results in frustration, behavior problems and unhappiness for children, parents and staff. Look for activities planned for an individual child. For example, you told the teachers that your family goes camping on weekends. The teacher puts out a tent, sleeping bags and picnic supplies for the children to use in play. A caregiver will provide musical instruments and recorded music for a child who shows an interest in music. After a child has been in the hospital, the teacher puts books and objects related to hospitals in the classroom for the children to use.The child can tell others about the experience and play through fears and concerns. Individual children and their families feel valued when these activities relate to their interests and cultural backgrounds. A trained provider will not rush children to be ready for the next stage of development. Living this year fully is more important than getting an early start on next years curriculum. Children with diverse interests and learning styles do not experience boredom and frustration when the program offers creative activities and challenges so children can learn at their own pace.

The history of Non Commission Officer ( NCO)

A non-accredited officer is also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an armed force. NCO is given authority by a commissioned officer. In general, the NCO corps includes all the grades of sergeant and, in some militaries, corporals and warrant officers and in naval some or all grades of petty officer. If we look at the history of NCO in United States, it began in 1775, with the birth of the Continental Army. As the years went by the American political system, disregard for the aristocracy, social attitudes, and the vast tungsten expanses further removed the U.S. Army noncommissioned officer from his European counterparts and created exclusively an American noncommissioned officer. During the early days of American Revolution, little standardization of NCO ditties or responsibilities existed.From the American Revolution to World War II, there were a lot of transformations that happened. For instance, the noncommissioned officer received his promotion from the regiment al commander. Besides, entire careers were often worn-out(a) within one regiment and if a man was transferred from one regiment to the next he did not take his rank with him. The General in drumhead of the Army was always required to give permission to be transferred noncommissioned officer from one regiment to another which was rarely done.In the year 1825 the number one attempt was made to establish a systematic method for noncommissioned officer selection. The selection of regimental and company noncommissioned officers remained the privilege of the regimental commander. regimental commanders were expected to accept the company commanders recommendations for company NCOs unless there were overriding considerations.During the last half of the 19th Century the increase of technology accompanied modernization greatly that affected the NCO Corps. Besides, the number of NCO ranks grew rapidly and each new introduction of technology created another pay grade. Though till the 19th ce ntury the duties of NCOs were not clearly assignd, in the last half of the 19th Century the duties of the noncommissioned officer were clearly defined.The five or six pages of instructions, provided by von Steubens Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the march of the United States in 1778 grew to 417 pages when the Noncommissioned Officers Manual was printed in 1909. Today as the Noncommissioned Officer Education System continues to grow, the history and tradition combines with skill and superpower to prepare for battle. A NCO retains the duties and responsibilities given to him by von Steuben in 1778, and these have been built upon to produce the soldier of the present day (Arms n.pag, 1989).A good NCO serves as administrative or training personnel and as advisors to the officer corps. Therefore they need to be faithful and ethically satisfying. Their most important function is as a link between the common soldier and the (commissioned) officer. Senior NCOs are also of ten responsible for giving on-the-job training to the junior officers. Therefore a combine of knowledge, skills and attitude is essential for a NCO. Moral competence include five main components- the ability to recognize a moral dimension The ability to define the moral dimension of a situation or dilemma and to describe which values are at issue The ability to communicate the judgement towards others efficaciously The will to act upon ones decision and To be accountable for ones actions (Verweij 28).The Non-Commissioned Officer is considered as the backbone of the Armed Forces. The NCO is expected to be a commander, trainer and combat leader. He also serves as a role model for his aggroup of soldiers. Therefore, a good NCO need to have strong moral values (Wortel and Schoenmakers n.pag, 2006). An NCO must lead by example and train his team of soldiers to a high level of proficiency and readiness in their team skills. Therefore it can be said that an NCOs job is to get things don e without having to be told first by a commissioned officer.Work CitedArms, L.R. A of a sudden History of the NCO (1989) U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy, Command and General Staff College. 27 October 2007. http//www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/arms/arms.aspVerweij D.E.M., Het belang van Militaire Ethiek voor de Krijgsmacht in Carr 7/8 (2005) p.28.Wortel, E.M. and Schoenmakers, J.P.M Teaching phalanx Ethics, J-SCOPE January 26-27, 2006, 27 October 2007. http//www.usafa.edu/isme/JSCOPE06/Wortel-Schoenmakers06.html

Effective Communication in a Criminal Justice Settings Essay

In the wrong umpire system, a practice of law ships military military ships incumbents dexterity to communicate is one of the virtually all important(p) traits an officer can have. Police officers communicate with everyone from the general to peers, arrestees, victim and suspect families, and motor inn personnel. A police officer mustiness de marginine the most efficacious means to communicate, using several different methods, with everyone without offending or sounding weak. Public Announcements to the PressPolice officers hired hand with the public on a constant basis. some times, police officers will have to utter the public in a professional, staged appearance. Public announcements can be in person, often live in front of news cameras, or a written statement the press practice sessions to publish in the mark media, website, or news broadcast. High-profile cases, riots, or inmate suicides ar reasons a corrections officer whitethorn pauperization to provi de an announcement to the press. Upon making a public announcement, it is important for the corrections officer to speak flat to the audience and keep sentences short to avoid confusing the audience (Wallace & Roberson, p. 71, 2009). Usually, when giving a public address announcement, the press will follow up the message with questions of their own to clarify the remarks, or in an plan of attack to get additional information if the message is too vague.When a police officer speaks to the media publically, it is important for the officer to know his or her facts and be very keen on the topic (Wallace & Roberson, p. 79, 2009). If there was an officer knotty shooting, the public and the media could cargon less to hear about the new patrol cars or k-9 unit. It is important to be punctual and understand the timeframe the speaker has to present his or her information to the media. The speaker should prepare him or herself by having notes or an outline tofollow, it is not a good idea to wing it, especially if the purpose for the public announcement is serious.A speakers appearance is important becausal agency the media and public could be critical and incertitude the sincerity of the speech if the speaker fails to take the time necessary to look presentable. When a police officer provides a written announcement he or she needs to be as professional as attainable. It is important to avoid the use of legal or technical jargon, slang, or words the audience may be unfamiliar with (Wallace & Roberson, p. 73, 2009). The print media may not have the time to contact the speaker and inquire for clarification so it is important to use clear and concise language when providing written statements for the media.Testifying in courtEffective communication in the courtroom is a necessary cog in the wheel of criminal justice. As a police officer, it is important to understand the importance of effective communication while presenting differentiate or testifying in court. Defens e attorneys will try to confuse try to make the officer call his or her actions or the content of an incident report. An ill-prepared corrections officer may become impatient and exasperated if challenged by an aggressive defense attorney (Wallace & Roberson, p. 111, 2009). Police officers commonly make errors because of the lack of preparedness preliminary to taking the witness stand (Wallace & Roberson, p. 71, 2009). Police officers should meet with the attorney they are being summons by in order to read over their report and refresh their memory in preparation for the stand.If a police officer is set to testify during a trial, it behooves the officer to communicate with the prosecution to prepare for questions the pursuance will ask, and potential questions the defense attorney will ask. When a police officer writes a report, it is subjective to include important and necessary information. Police officers write various flakes of reports. However, the information contained in each type of report must be clear, concise, and ingenuous. Future court cases may depend on information contained in an officers report as try out in a criminal case (Miller & Whitehead, p. 4, 2011). disciplinary review boards may rely on an officers incident report to determine if an officer operated outside his or her scope of duty.Prior to the court appearance, the police officer must analyze his or her report to enhance his or her preparedness for the trial. The court will not wait for the corrections officer to fumble through his or her notes. Preparedness will enhance the officers credibility with the gore whereas, an unprepared and confused corrections officer may look incompetent to a control panel, which may cause the jury to questions the validity of the events recorded in the report and the officers testimony. When a police officer testifies in court, it is not only essential but also the law to be honest in everything said. If the corrections officer does not kno w the answer, saying, I do not know is appropriate.If the police officer does not hatch a specific event, it is appropriate to ask the try to review notes or a copy of his or her report if he or she has one (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). However, reading the report word-for-word or taking too long to locate the answer to a question may cause the jury to doubt the truthfulness and competence of the officer. The jury may think, you were there, how could you not remember? The officer must never assume the next question, but wait for the defense or prosecuting attorney to ask the questions and provide an honest answer in a clear and loud voice.Effective communication applies to the back and forth conversation the police officer has with both the prosecutor and defense attorney. It is important for the police officer to understand the questions the attorneys ask (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). It is appropriate for an officer to ask for clarification if he or she fails to unde rstand the wording of the questions (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009).A police officer must remember the court records his or her testimony in a written transcript, and sometimes by audio recording. The officer must master communicating orally when testifying in court because a stenographer cannot and will not type hand gestures, nods, shrugs, etc. (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009).It is important for the police officer to remember they are in a court of law, and he or she represents his or her agency. The police officer must show respect for the court, the judge, the prosecutor, and the defenseattorney. A jury may look miserablely upon a rude, belligerent, and irreverent officer. Disrespect for the court could result in administrative reprimand or disrespect charges. Appellate courts use written trial transcript when they review a lower-court ruling. The appellate courts do not review or see new evidence therefore, it is imperative for a corrections officer to do his or her v iolate in practicing effective oral communication.A police officer appearance is also important when testifying in court. An officers appearance is the first thing a jury sees, and the jury will judge the officer on his or her appearance. An officer should have a clean, wrinkle free uniform fit out and trousers. The officer should have his or her shirt tucked in and shoes shined. A sloppy looking, busted officer will look unfavorable on the jury, who may use that negative first pattern when deciding the believability of the officers testimony. communication with Peers and the General PublicEffective communication with peers in the general public is not only necessary but also life saving. Police officers melt down to use their own lingo, or cop-talk to communicate with each other. Most non-law enforcement people are familiar with the term Code 4, which can mean, Yes, okay, copy, etc. Code 4 is one of a normal range of 13. all(prenominal) number represents a message an officer u ses instead of explaining word-for-word what they need. This abbreviated form of communication is cognize as common cypher. In police departments within the County of Boulder, Colorado departments use the common code. For instance, code 4, code 5 with one means an officer is okay with one person in handcuffs. Code 13 would mean I need one additional officer as fast as possible.Communicating with superior officers is also important. Higher-ranking officers in a police department supervise the officers. If there are ineffective rules or policies in place, it is the responsibility of the officer to follow the chain of command and provide feedback and possible suggestions on how to improve the ineffective policies.Police officers see the world differently from non-law enforcement citizens.Police officers spend most of their day running from call to call. Experienced police officers have a different perspective on humanity they often share and agree with those jaded views of society wi th fellow officers (Gilmartin, 2002). This can cause poor communication methods when speaking to the general public. It is easy to look at an arrestee and judge him or her as a loser, a drug addict, or pervert. Not all arrestee are inculpative of their charges everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. However, it is important for a police officer to put aside feelings of contempt and communicate with arrestees in a respectful and professional manner. Gilmartin (2002) stated, Officers control 100% of their integrity and Professionalism.Everything else policies, uniforms, required procedures, budget, assignments, organisational goals, and just about every other central aspect of the officers role, is controlled by somebody else (p. 80). Communicating with arrestees is different from communicating with people who are not under arrest or detained. Arrestees are under a great deal of stress because of their limited freedom and the unknown future that awaits t hem. Although difficult, it is important to remember the current situation of an arrestee when communicating with them, especially telling them they cannot do certain things. Many arrestee are not accustomed to somebody telling them no.Communicating with Peers and Juvenile ArresteesCommunicating with peers in a fresh arrestee situation is quite similar to communicating with peers in an adult situation. Clear and concise lateral pass communication is impotent between officers over radio transmission as well as face to face communication. A juvenile arrestee situation can be a dangerous setting even though the arrestees are usually under the age of 18. An officer must use careful consideration when transaction with juvenile offenders. Juvenile minds are not fully developed. Juvenile minds may also lack the apprehension to understand the seriousness of their actions. Most of the offenders do not think and act as adult offenders do therefore, officers must try to communicate closer t o their level. A police officer has to remember that a juvenile offender attains certain special rights when detained.The juvenile cannot be questioned without a lawyer or parent present. Many officers forget this note in many state laws and end up losing a case because admitted evidence is thrown out during trial. In conclusion,police officers have a duty to themselves, their peers, arrestees, the courts, and the public to be effective communicators. Verbal and nonverbal communication skills are important to learn, and continue to improve upon. A police officer who learns to apply effective communication skills in his or her occupation will become a worthy asset within his or her department. The community will have more confidence in a department if they have confidence it the officers who represent it. Officers who communicate with different types of people will also pass on the respect and trust of their peers and supervisors.ReferencesGilmartin, K. (2002). Emotional Survival F or Law Enforcement. Tucson, AZ E-S Press. Miller, L., & Whitehead, J. (2011). Report writing for criminal justice professionals (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database Wallace, H., & Roberson, C. (2009). Written and interpersonal communication Methods for law enforcement (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database