Paracetamol Synthesis and Uses Essay - 1091 Words

Paracetamol – Synthesis and Uses Discovered in 1877 by Harmon Northrop Morse at the John Hopkins University, Paracetamol was one of several aniline deriviatives that was found to have analgesic and antipyretic properties (Brodie 23). It was first synthesized by the reduction of p-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid; however was not used classified as a medication until ten year later (Bertolini 264). Initially, phenacetin, a closely related compound that exhibited similar physiological effects, became the popular over the counter drug for headaches (Bertolini 251). However, later research by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 found that phenacetin was in fact metabolized into paracetamol within the body (Brodie and Axelrod 60).†¦show more content†¦This is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where a hydrogen on the aromatic ring is replaced with a nitro group. The hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring is an electron-donating group and therefore serves as an ortho-para director. Through the nitration reaction, two products are formed: o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol. In comparing the stability of the two resulting products, o-nitrophenol is less stable due to steric hinderance and proximity of the hydroxyl and nitro group to one another. On the other hand, p-nitrophenol does not experience the same steric hinderance since the two group as on opposite sides of the aromatic ring and therefore do not interfere with one another. As a result, p-nitrophenol is the major product of reaction. It is also the product of interest and will be involved in the next step of the synthesis. Subsequently, p-nitrophenol is reduced by sodium borohydride to give 4-aminophenol. In an industrial synthesis, hydrogenation is used for reduction instead of sodium borohydride to produce an identical product(Travis 764). The use of hydrogenation is more efficient when produce larger quantities. In the last step of the synthesis, 4-aminophenol is acylated in a reaction with acetic anhydride. In this reaction, the electron pair on nitrogen of the amine group attack the one of the carbonyls on the acid anhydride. The electrons move up to the oxygen, forming a negative anion, and a bond is formedShow MoreRelatedThe National Collaborating Centre For Women And Childrens Health Case Study905 Words   |  4 Pagesand Childrens Health (2013), emphasising the importance of avoiding unnecessary treatment in children with a self-limiting viral illness, while The World Health Organisation (2000) recommends the management of fever in children to include the use of paracetamol for children with fever of 39 oC or over. Insufficient data, however support this recommendation. Shann (1995), explains how temperatures above the usual febrile maximum (41 oC) are usually caused by heat stroke or brain injury. ThereforeRead MoreDegradation Of The Paracetamol Drug Using Lanthanum Doped Zno Nanoparticles1316 Words   |  6 PagesPhotocatalytic degradation of the Paracetamol drug using Lanthanum doped ZnO nanoparticles and their in-vitro Cytotoxicity assay. M.Shakira*, M.Faraza, Asif Sherwanib and Saud I. Al-Resayesc a. Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India. b. Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India c. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. *To whom correspondence should be addressedRead MorePreparation of Acetanilide1398 Words   |  6 Pagessupposedly less toxic aniline derivatives such as phenacetin (Bertolini et al, 2006). After several conflicting results over the ensuing fifty years, it was established in 1948 that acetanilide was mostly metabolized to paracetamol in the human body, and that it was the paracetamol that was responsible for the analgesic and antipyretic properties. II. Methodology ` III. Results Color: White Odor: Odorless Appearance: Flakes Read MoreParacetamol4058 Words   |  17 Pageswide namely multidimensional and uni-dimensional methods. However the tool selected should be done depending on the nature of the assessment required and nurses need to be ready to use a combination of tools to achieve the most adequate and individualised assessment possible (Cox 2010). Moreover (Carr 1997)adds that the use of a pain assessment tool does not guarantee appropriate pain management and pain evaluation as this has to be followed up by suitable intervention.. For this purpose, there hasRead MoreThe Pathophysiology Of Ischaemic Stroke3490 Words   |  14 Pagesplatelet aggregation Mr X was taking Paracetamol 1gm QID. Paracetamol inhibits prostaglandins in central nervous system therefore it has antipyretics effects. It is minimal anti-inflammatory effects. Paracetamol inhibit COX in some tissue however, the exact mechanism of Paracetamol is unknown. It is recommended for the mild pain and fever. It can be given 3-6 hours with the maximum dose of 4 gm daily intake (Bryant Knights, 2015). Pharmacodynamics: Paracetamol is an antipyretic and analgesic. ItsRead MoreThe Doping Of Semiconductor By Rare Earth Metal Nanoparticle1754 Words   |  8 Pagesoxide and Lanthanum doped Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by modifying the gel-combustion method. It was found that La can greatly enhance the cytotoxicity and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles towards various cell lines and paracetamol drug. These nanoparticles were characterized by various spectroscopic and other techniques which clearly revealed the presence of lanthanum ions. The absorption edge shifts towards the visible region after doping with La ions. This shift shows thatRead MoreAcute Liver Failure ( Alf )1290 Words   |  6 Pagesof chronic liver disease. (2) Prevalence rate of the causes of acute liver failure vary significantly according to geographical area. Liver injury caused by drugs prevails, including those related to liver toxins such as paracetamol (acetaminophen). (2) An overdose of paracetamol is the cause of acute liver failure in most of patients with the intention of committing suicide is the reason for nearly half this overdose and the rest occur as a result of therapeutic adventure. Many drug such as antibioticsRead MorePharmacologic Management Of SCD Pain Case Study753 Words   |  4 PagesWorld Health Organization (WHO) recommends paracetamol as the preferred non-opioid analgesic for long term pain management (Neville and Panepinto, 2015). NSAIDs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be used for acute episodes of pain. In addition to the analgesic and antipyretic properties, NSAIDs have anti-inflammatory effect. Currently available NSAIDs inhibit both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and thereby decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandins and reduce the sensitizationRead MoreSurgery On Bariatric Patients : Case Study1140 Words   |  5 Pagespatient outcomes. Opioids are a common class of agents used by the anesthetist, Singh, Panwar, Borle, Mulier, Sinha Goudra (2017) state that although poor pain management can lead to postoperative respiratory complications in obese patients, the use of respiratory depressants can have equally deleterious effects. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 agonist has been explored as an opioid alternative due to its prolonged analgesic profile without increase in complications related to respiratory depressionRead MoreVaccines and the Prophylactic use of Antipyretics Essay2529 Words   |  11 Pagesprescription of acetaminophen or ibuprofen to be given once a child returns home, yet others tell parents to avoid the use of acetaminophen or ibuprofen until a child actually has a fever. So which practice is correct? Does the prophylactic use of antipyretics prior to the administration of immunizations decrease the efficacy of the vaccine? What education should be given to parents regarding the use of acetaminophen a nd ibuprofen before immunizations? These are the questions behind the proposal to research